Finishing of grazing crossbred steers supplemented with detoxified castor bean meal (Ricinus communis L.) in the rainy-dry transition period.

This study evaluated levels of replacement of soybean meal by castor bean meal in the finishing crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. Forty Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers with an average initial weight of 395.93 ± 10 kg were randomly allocated to four treatment groups that were supplemented with concentrate levels of replacing (0, 290, 613, and 903 g/kg DM of the supplement; at 0.4% body weight [BW]). The experimental period was 120 days. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted; with regression analysis using the computational software package (SAS 9.2, USA). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients and animal performance were evaluated. The replacement levels did not influence (P > 0.05) the intakes of DM (kg/day), organic matter (OM, kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg/day and %BW), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, kg/day), or total digestible nutrients (kg/day). However, the intake of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE, kg/day) decreased as the replacement levels were increased (P < 0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and EE did not change, whereas CP digestibility decreased linearly and NFC digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05). The replacement levels did not affect (P > 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield. Castor bean meal can replace up to 903 g/kg DM of soybean meal in the composition of the supplement without compromising the performance of steers on Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period.

Detoxified castor seed meal replaces soybean meal in the supplement for Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers finished on tropical pasture during the rainy season.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with detoxified castor seed meal (DCM) on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, and performance of pasture-finished (rainy season) steers supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Forty ½ Holstein + ½ Zebu steers (initial weight: 283.3 ± 36.3 kg) were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of diets in which DCM replaced 0, 30, 60, and 90% of SBM in the supplement dry matter (DM). The steers were finished on an Urochloa brizantha pasture and the experiment lasted 112 days. Replacing SBM with DCM did not influence (P > 0.05) the intake or apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent insoluble fiber of the animals. Grazing time increased (P < 005), whereas the intake and rumination efficiencies of the steers did not change (P > 0.05) with the substitution. The replacement of SBM with DCM in the supplement fed to the steers also did not influence (P > 0.05) their final weight, average daily gain, or feed conversion (P > 0.05). We recommend replacing up to 90% (DM basis) of SBM with DCM in the concentrate supplement of steers grazing on Urochloa brizantha pasture during rainy season while supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight.

Inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplement reduces nutrient digestibility but does not interfere with the performance of steers finished on tropical pasture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing inclusion levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the supplement of steers finished on a Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, weight gain, and carcass traits. Forty 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Zebu crossbred steers with an average body weight of 352.80 ± 3.32 kg, at 36 months of age, were supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Four treatments were formulated (supplement containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% PKC, dry matter [DM] basis) and the animals were monitored for 240 days, weighed, and slaughtered. The inclusion of PKC in the supplement did not influence the intakes of total DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent fiber, but increased (P < 0.05) ether extract intake and reduced (P < 0.05) non-fibrous carbohydrate intake. The apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05), whereas intake and rumination efficiencies by the dietary treatments. Average daily gain, carcass weight, and backfat thickness did not change in response to the inclusion of PKC in the supplement. We recommend the inclusion of 45% palm kernel cake in the concentrate of steers supplemented at 0.4% of their body weight and finished on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture.

Intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and performance in lamb fed with increasing levels of red propolis extract.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing levels of red propolis extract (RPE) on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, rumen parameters, metabolic parameters, and performance of feedlot lambs. Thirty-five uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs with an initial weight of 17.08 ± 2.36 kg were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 7, 14, 21, or 28 mL RPE/animal/day). The animals were confined for 68 days. Red propolis extract induced a negative quadratic response (P < 0.05) in the intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and metabolizable energy. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber, as well as the rumen concentration of NH3-N, also responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to RPE. Feeding efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of RPE, whereas rumination efficiency was maximum (P < 0.05) at the RPE level of 16 mL/day. Red propolis extract induced a linear response (P < 0.05) in serum total protein, albumin, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. There was a quadratic effect on final body weight and average daily gain with minimum values for inclusion of RPE of 12.89 mL/day and 10.93 mL/day respectively. Feed efficiency rose linearly (P < 0.05) with the increasing concentrations of RPE in the diet. The inclusion of 21 mL RPE/day (8.5 mg total flavonoids/mL) in the diet of feedlot lambs is recommended to reduce the rumen NH3-N production and increase the animals' performance.

Proportions of concentrate and rehydrated ground grain corn silage at different storage times for better use of starch by lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and bioeconomic potential of rehydrated ground grain corn silage (RGGCS), at different storage times associated with proportions of concentrates for better starch utilization by lambs. Forty Dorper-Santa Inês crossbred lambs were used, with an average body weight of 24 ± 3.9 kg, and an average age of 90 days. The lambs were feedlot for 63 days in experiment design completely randomized, with eight repetitions and five experimental diets: Diet 1: 850 g/kg concentrate including dry ground corn; diet 2: 850 g/kg concentrate including RGGCS ensiled for 45 days; diet 3: 650 g/kg concentrate including RGGCS ensiled for 90 days; diet 4: 650 g/kg concentrate including RGGCS ensiled for 45 days; diet 5: 850 g/kg concentrate including RGGCS ensiled for 45 days. As roughage, silage corn whole plant. Starch intake was higher (P < 0.05) with the dry ground corn diet; however, digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) for most nutrients compared to the RGGCS diet. A smaller amount of starch in the feces of animals that received the RGGCS diet was found. A diet with 850 g/kg of concentrate, including RGGCS ensiled for 45 days, generates higher net income, increases nutrient intake, and could be an alternative during the fluctuation of corn prices.

Effect of dietary inclusion of licuri cake on intake, feeding behavior, and performance of feedlot cull cows.

Licuri cake (LC) is an interesting alternative nutritional component for high-grain diets for ruminants due to its high protein (21.6% CP), fat (12.0% EE), and fiber (62.8% NDF) contents. We investigated the effect of increasing levels of LC inclusion on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, performance, and carcass traits of cull cows fed high-grain diets. Forty Zebu cows with an initial weight of 318 ± 38.1 kg, at 105 months of age, were confined in collective stalls and fed (ad libitum) a diet containing 0, 50, 100, or 150 g/kg LC on a diet dry matter (DM) basis. Licuri cake inclusion induced quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in the intakes of DM (9.57 kg/day at 97.8 g/kg LC), crude protein (CP; 1.02 kg/day at 91.7 g/kg LC), and total digestible nutrients (6.68 kg/day at 75.2 g/kg LC). The digestibility of DM, CP, and non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and rumination efficiencies increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of LC in the diet. The inclusion of LC did not influence (P > 0.05) on daily weight gain, hot carcass weight, or back fat thickness in the carcass. Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of up to 150 g/kg LC in high-grain diets for feedlot cull cows.

Feeding behavior of post-weaned crossbred steers supplemented in the dry season of the year.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of grazing steers supplemented in the dry season of the year. Thirty-two castrated crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) steers with an average initial weight of 378 ± 7.54 kg, aged 14 months, were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. The animals were managed in an area covered with a pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in a rotational grazing system. The supplement was formulated so that the animals in the different treatment groups would ingest the same amount of crude protein (CP) daily. Thus, the treatments consisted of increasing levels of supplementation, based on the animals' body weight (BW), as the protein content of the supplement was reduced. The following treatments (dry matter basis) were tested: T2, supplement at 0.2% BW, with 50% CP; T4, supplement at 0.4% BW, with 25% CP; T6, supplement at 0.6% BW, with 16.67% CP; and T8, supplement at 0.8% BW, with 12.5% CP. Forage dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05), characterizing a substitution effect. The increasing supplementation levels influenced the animals' feeding behavior, especially grazing time, total feeding time, number of grazing bouts, and number of bites per day, which showed a positive quadratic response (P < 0.05), and rumination time, number of rumination bouts, number of cuds ruminated per day, and number of chews per ruminated cud, which exhibited a negative quadratic behavior (P < 0.05). Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) feed efficiencies and dry matter and NDF rumination efficiencies responded quadratically (P < 0.05). In conclusion, concentrate supplementation at up to 0.8% BW improves the feeding behavior of grazing steers in terms of the intake of concentrate supplement and forage as well as the feed and rumination efficiencies.

Ingestive behavior of Girolando steers supplemented on tropical pastures.

In this study, we evaluated the feeding behavior of Girolando steers on Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu pastures. Twenty-two animals with an average initial weight of 209.09 ± 8.18 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (three seasons and two nutritional plans (NP)) with 11 replicates, as follows: rainy season 1 (NP1, mineral mixture ad libitum, and NP2, nitrogen/energy supplement [2 g.kg‒1 body weight [BW]]); dry season (NP1, nitrogen/energy supplement [1 g.kg‒1 BW], and NP2, nitrogen/energy supplement [2 g.kg‒1 BW]); and rainy season 2 (NP1, mineral mixture ad libitum, and NP2, nitrogen/energy supplement ([1 g.kg‒1 BW]). Total chewing time was longer in NP1 (566.44 vs 528.33 min.day‒1 in NP2) (p < 0.05). The grazing, idle, trough, and total chewing times were affected by the interaction between nutritional plans and seasons. The period expended grazing was longer for the NP1. The idle time was affected by the nutritional plans and was lower for the NP1. Feeding at the trough was not affected by the nutritional plans. The animals of the NP2 showed the highest feed efficiencies in DM and NDF (0.91 and 0.52 vs 0.75 and 0.45 in NP1, respectively). Rainy season 2 had the highest efficiencies. The feeding behavior changes according to the supplementation level. Nutritional plan 2 in the second rainy season presented the best results.

The inclusion of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage increases the carcass weight and the content of unsaturated fatty acids in lamb meat.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and meat quality of lambs fed sugarcane silage containing increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal (DCBM). Twenty-four Santa Inês male sheep were used, with initial body weight of 25.34 ± 2.57 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of DCBM in the sugarcane silage). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were positively influenced (P < 0.05) by the levels of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) on the intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber with the inclusion of DCBM. The daily and total gains showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of DCBM, with a maximum point of 241.64 g/d and 18.12 kg at the level of 161.9 g/kg of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) on the hot carcass with the inclusion of DCBM. The inclusion of DCBM did not influence (P > 0.05) the levels of total lipids (2.1%) in lamb meat, but the levels of oleic acid (C18:1 n-6c) and total monounsaturated fatty acids presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.05). It is recommended to include 160 g/kg of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage.

Effects of replacing ground corn with Nopalea cochenillifera meal on the intake, performance, and economic viability of grazing steers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing different levels of spineless-cactus meal instead of ground corn on supplements for crossbred steers grazing in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú pastures. Forty crossbred steers with an average body weight (BW) of 261 ± 7.46 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. In supplements, the ground corn grain was substituted with 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% spineless-cactus meal. The substitution of spineless-cactus meal instead ground corn promoted a linear decrease in the ether extract (EE; P = 0.03) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC; P < 0.01) intakes. The apparent digestibility of EE was influenced (P < 0.05) showing a linear decrease. The apparent digestibility of NFC had a quadratic effect (P = 0.03). For the neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, the apparent digestibility increased linearly (P = 0.01). The average daily gain showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01), with a maximum response estimated at 44.94% (1055.52 g/day) substitution with spineless-cactus meal for ground corn. The cost per animal per period and the cost per hectare decreased linearly (P < 0.01). The revenue, net revenue, exchange rate, and monthly revenue of the activity showed quadratic responses to the spineless-cactus meal supplements (P < 0.01), with maximum effects at 44.99%, 47.46%, 61.25%, and 57.35%, respectively. The substitution with up to 44.94% of spineless-cactus meal for ground corn provided daily gains, increased the feed conversion, and was favorable as a cost to the production system. Moreover, the profitability increased with maximum animal performance and improved use of fiber from pastures.

Replacing sorghum with palm kernel cake in the diet decreased intake without altering crossbred cattle performance.

Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20 kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (P < 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals' diet decreased (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (P > 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance.

Nutrient intake and ingestive behavior of feedlot steers fed with licuri cake.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of licuri cake on the consumption of dry matter and nutrients and ingestive behavior of feedlot crossbred steers. Forty-four crossbred steers with an average age of 24 months and a mean live weight of 358.19 ± 41.57 kg were used in the study. The animals were aleatorically distributed in a completely randomized design made up of four treatments, with 11 animals used per treatment: the control treatment (without the inclusion of licuri cake in the diet) and treatment with the inclusion levels of 8.5, 17, and 25.5% of licuri cake, respectively, in the total dry matter of the diet. The inclusion of licuri cake influenced the intake of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, and non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein, each of them showing quadratic behavior. There was an effect of the tested diets on the time spent on food intake and number of idle periods, which presented a quadratic effect, with maximum and minimum values obtained for the inclusion levels of the licuri cake of 16.92% and 11.00%, respectively. There was no effect of the tested diets on the time spent on rumination and idleness. The feed efficiency of the dry matter, the duration of the feeding period, and the duration of the idleness period were influenced by the inclusion of the licuri tart in the diet, presenting a linear decreasing effect. There was an increasing linear effect for the number of feeding periods and the duration of rumination periods. Given the results obtained, it can be concluded that the licuri cake changes the consumption and behavioral parameters of feedlot steers, being recommended its use in up to 8.5% of inclusion in the total dry matter of the diet.

Inclusion of licuri meal in the diet of pasture dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of licuri meal as a substitute for soybean bran in the diet of pasture-based dairy cows and its effects on the intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production and composition. Eight crossbred Holstein/Zebu cows were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square plots. The diets contained increasing percentage of licuri meal (0.0, 4.16, 7.09, and 9.45%) in the total diet, replacing soybean bran. The inclusion of licuri meal in the diet affected total dry matter intake and dry matter intake in relation to body weight, which presented a quadratic effect. The same behavior was observed for the consumption of EE, CP, TDN, and NDFap. The NFC consumption showed a linear decrease with the addition of the by-product in the diet. There was no influence of the inclusion of the licuri meal on the digestibility of the DM, CP, NFC, and TDN, while the digestibility of the NDFap and EE presented increasing linear effect. There was a reduction of milk production and food efficiency with the inclusion of increasing levels of the meal. The fat content in milk showed a linear increasing effect. Ditto for cholesterol. It is recommended to include not more than 7.00% of licuri meal for lactating cows with an average production of 20 kg day-1.

Ingestive behaviour of steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu and in feedlot in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behaviour of steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and in feedlot regimen in Brazil. Fifty crossbred steers, with an average weight of 275 ± 8.18 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design with five treatments and ten replicates per treatment (mineral supplementation, nitrogen supplementation, and concentrate supplementation at 0.1 and 0.2% of body weight and under feedlot conditions). Ingestive behaviour was assessed every 5 min for 24 h. No difference (P > 0.05) was found for grazing time among grazing systems. Conversely, rumination, idle, feeding, and chewing times showed differences (P < 0.05) only for feedlot animals. The time spent feeding at the trough was higher (P < 0.05) in animals receiving concentrate supplementation. The bite rate and the number of bites per day were similar (P > 0.05) among grazing systems. Feed and rumination efficiencies of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein showed differences (P < 0.05) only in feedlot animals. Therefore, ingestive behaviour of steers varies with the raising system. Overall, feedlot animals showed better performance than grazing animals did, most likely due to longer rest periods.

Composição de ácidos graxos de biossurfactantes produzidos por fungos filamentosos / Composition of fatty acids of biosurfactant produced by filamental fungi

Biossurfactantes são compostos com características tensoativas, produzidos por diversas espécies de microrganismos. Nesse estudo, a composição de ácidos graxos de biossurfactantes produzidos por fungos filamentosos endofíticos foram analisados. Para a produção dos biossurfactantes, empregou-se fontes de carbono (óleo vegetal de milho) e nitrogênio (ureia) de baixo custo no meio de cultivo. A composição de ácidos graxos foi determinada a partir da cromatografia gasosa. Foram identificados seis picos de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, com predominância do ácido linoleico (C18:2n-6c) e ácido oleico (C18:1n-9c). Tanto os ácidos graxos saturados quanto os insaturados foram encontrados na estrutura dos biossurfactantes. Estes resultados demonstraram a importância destes compostos para potenciais aplicações em várias áreas industriais.

Effect of different roughages sources on performance, milk composition, fatty acid profile, and milk cholesterol content of feedlot feed crossbred cows (Holstein × Zebu).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different forage sources in diets for feedlot dairy cows and their implications on production, composition, fatty acid profile, and milk cholesterol content. Nine Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were distributed in three 3 × 3 Latin squares, in three periods of 21 days each, and three diets: elephant grass silage + concentrate, briquette from Brachiaria + concentrate, and sugarcane + concentrate. Elephant grass silage resulted in lower milk production and milk protein content. Cows fed elephant grass silage had lower concentrations of the saturated fatty acids C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, and C15:0 in the milk and higher of the unsaturated fatty acids C15:1, C16:1, C18:1n-9t, C18:1n-9c, C18:3n-6, CLAc9t11, and CLAt10c12 in relation to the other diets. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (P = 0.05). It is recommended to use the briquette from Brachiaria as a forage source for lactating cows, since it led to higher milk yield. On the other hand, the use of elephant grass silage as a forage source is recommended if the farmer is paid for milk with higher concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (CLA) fatty acids, which exerts beneficial effects on human health.

Physicochemical characterization and lipid profile of meat from crossbred / Caracterização físico-química e perfil lipídico da carne de novilhos mestiços recebendo diferentes suplementações

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the carcass characteristics and the physicochemical parameters, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle of crossbred steers on a Brachiaria (Syn. Uruchloa) brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the growing and finishing phases. Twenty-two uncastrated steers ½ Holstein/Zebu, with an average initial weight of 210 kg ± 8.2 kg and eight months of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in which the experimental period was fractionated in to three seasons associated with two nutritional plans (NP1 and NP2) and 11 animals by treatment: NP1- mineral mixture ad libitum in rainy seasons + nitrogen/energy supplement at 1 g.kg-1 body weight (BW) in the dry season; and NP2 - nitrogen/energy supplement at 2 g.kg-1 BW in rainy season 1 and in the dry season + nitrogen/energy supplement at 1 g.kg-1 BW in rainy season 2, provided daily at 1000 h. Of the carcass measurements, differences were only observed (p>0.05) between the nutritional plans for loin-eye area corrected for 100 kg of hot carcass weight. Among the physicochemical parameters, only shear force was influenced (p>0.05) by the treatments, with higher values obtained in Nutritional Plan 1. The centesimal composition and fatty acid profile were not influenced (P<0.05) by supplementation. Nutritional plans used in the growing and finishing phases involving low levels of protein-energy supplementation do not lead to changes significant in carcass characteristics and meat. Nutritional Plan 1 is the most appropriate because it presents a lower cost.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar as características da carcaça, parâmetros físico-químicos, composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus lomborum de novilhos mestiços em pastagem de Brachiaria (Syn. Uruchloa) brizantha cv. Marandu, durante as fases de recria e terminação. Foram utilizados 22 novilhos (½ Holandês e ½ Zebu) não castrados, com peso inicial médio 210 kg ± 8,2 kg e oito meses de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com período experimental dividido em três estações, associada com 2 planos nutricionais (PN1 e PN2) e 11 animais por tratamento: PN1 (mistura mineral ad libitum nas estações chuvosas (EC) e suplemento nitrogenado/energético na quantidade de 1 g.kg-1 do peso corporal (PC) na estação seca) e PN2 (suplemento nitrogenado/energético de 2 g.kg-1 PC nas EC 1 e na seca, e suplemento nitrogenado/energético na quantidade de 1 g.kg-1 PC na EC 2) fornecidos diariamente às 10:00h. Para as características de carcaça foi observado diferença (p>0,05) entre os planos nutricionais, apenas para área de olho de lombo corrigida para 100 kg de peso de carcaça quente. Para os parâmetros físico-químicos apenas a força de cisalhamento foi influenciada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05) e foi maior para o plano nutricional 1. A composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos, não foram influenciados (p<0,05) pela suplementação. Planos nutricionais de recria e terminação com baixos níveis de suplementação proteico-energética não promove alterações significativas nas características da carcaça e da carne. O plano nutricional 1 é o mais indicado porque apresenta menor custo.

Effect of calcium lignosulfonate supplementation on metabolic profiles of confined lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium lignosulfonate associated with whole cottonseed in high-concentrate diets for sheep. Eight Dorper crossbred sheep with an average live weight of 42.5 ± 1.70 kg were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares. The following experimental diets were evaluated: control diet (without calcium lignosulfonate) and diets with inclusion of 50, 100, and 150 g of calcium lignosulfonate/kg fresh matter. Diets were composed of soybean meal, ground corn, and whole cottonseed. Feed intake, digestibility, metabolic characteristics, and feeding behavior were evaluated. The intake of nutritional components did not show significant differences as a function of the lignosulfonate levels in the diet; however, the increase in calcium lignosulfonate levels linearly decreased the dry matter digestibility. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased linearly as the lignosulfonate levels in the diets were increased. There was no effect of lignosulfonate levels on blood parameters or feeding behavior of the animals. The use of lignosulfonate associated with cottonseed decreases the digestibility of dry matter and the concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen, but does not change the intake of nutritional components, the blood parameters, or the feeding behavior of sheep.

Feeding behavior of feedlot lambs fed diets containing levels of cassava wastewater.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of including cassava wastewater in the diet on the feeding behavior of feedlot lambs in 35 male uncastrated Santa Inês × Dorper crossbred lambs at an approximate age of 3 months, with an average live weight of 20.0 ± 3.4 kg. Diets were formulated with hay of cassava shoots (roughage) and a concentrate based on corn and soybean, with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 50:50, plus inclusion of cassava wastewater at the levels of 0, 12, 24, 36, or 48 g/kg of the total diet. Feeding behavior was evaluated between the 46th and 52nd days of the experiment. Increasing cassava wastewater levels in the diet reduced (P < 0.05) the intakes (kg/day) of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber as well as the efficiency of rumination (g/cud and g/h) of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. The other behavioral parameters were not affected by wastewater inclusion in the diet. Therefore, the inclusion of up to 48 g/kg of cassava wastewater on fresh matter of diets is not recommended for feedlot lambs.